A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of Defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to Defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about Defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of Defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the Defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in Defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and Defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, Defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect Defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of Defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, Defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in Defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall Defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the Defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the Defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the Defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the Defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-Defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of Defense. Therefore, the Defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex Defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the Defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the Defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the Defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the Defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A mong the many Defense rights of the accused, the last Defense, which is considered in the final stage of each stage of the trial based on the presumption of innocence principle, can be considered as a complement to the Defense process. Accordingly, the legislator has mentioned this right in Articles 262, 371 and 399 of the Criminal Procedure Code of 1392 (2014). The present article uses an analytical method to answer the questions of whether judicial authorities are required to make a final Defense at all times at the end of a proceeding. If the accused is summoned to receive his last Defense while he is not present, is it possible to request his presence while he is not present, to obtain the amount fixed in the courtship bon and the recognizance (penal sum) or to seize the bail? The findings of the researching indicate that the final Defense is the right of the accused and includes a duty (obligation) for the judicial authority. The summons must specify the last Defense without result, which is the absence of a summons. The judicial authority is obliged to obtain (get) it only if it is related to the accused. Failure to obtain it, in addition to disciplinary violations, invalidates the verdict. In the absence of the accused, existing security of the accused cannot be obtained or confiscated (abjudged).

The prosecutor's office according to the criteria of the" investigative procedure" In which preliminary research is secret and written and non-profit, Is responsible for gathering the evidence of the crime and completing the case and defending the interests of society. In addition, the prosecutor's office as a party to the public lawsuit, also has duties in relation to the observance of the fundamental rights and citizenship rights of the plaintiff and the accused and witnesses and  informed persons. The necessity of respecting the fundamental and citizenship rights of the accused requires determining the enforcement guarantee to prevent their violation. Something that has not been considered in the background of citizenship rights researchs. The main question is what guarantees are provided for the observance of the fundamental and citizenship rights of the accused, based on human rights standards in the constitutional and ordinary laws? This issue has been studied by descriptive theoretical and legal analysis in this article, and four types of sanctions have been identified for it. Sanctions provided in the Iranian judicial system for the protection and observance of the fundamental and citizenship rights of the accused by the judicial authorities and judicial officers are as follows: invalidity of decisions and actions that violate the fundamental and citizenship rights of the accused, the disciplinary actions supervising the restrictions and professional deprivations of the investigating authorities, Punishment for illegal actions and decisions that violate the defence and citizenship rights of the accused and civil liability for compensation to the accused, which are categorized and examined in separate headings in this article.

The Right to Defense is a cornerstone of Fair Trial. When the Defense Section (defendant and his or her counsel) from one hand and the Prosecution Section (Prosecutor and victims) from the other hand,Take part in an adversarial proceeding and finally the case be adjudicated by independent and impartial judges, then we can enumerate this process as a Fair Trial.The right to Defense has been recognized by international and regional human rights instruments and interpreted and commented by observer bodies.Meanwhile it has been guaranteed by domestic laws in many countries.Afghan new codes, emphasized on recognition of the above right too.This article discuss the right to Defense in international human rights instruments and being guaranteed of it by Afghan laws, comparatively.

Human procreation and its various features are among the most important topics worldwide. One of the areas of this analysis deals with international human rights documents because these documents show international trends in reproductive rights. Therefore, this paper aims to prepare a venue to understand the definition, nature or entity, scope and content, right - holder and duty bearer, and the obligations of duty-bearers regarding others’ reproductive rights in international human rights organizations. The findings indicated there is no specific and agreed definition of reproductive rights in these human rights documents. The theories (Hohfeld’s theory about a right, the Will - Choice Theory, and the Benefit - Interest Theory) cannot justify the nature of reproductive rights well. There are many epistemological challenges regarding the content and the scope of these reproductive rights and related states’ obligations in those treaties, which made the realization of these reproductive rights difficult or even impossible.

The Constitution of Iran also considers the provision of all-round rights of men and women and the creation of fair judicial security for everyone as one of the general duties of the government, and in the third chapter (the rights of the nation) by mentioning the manifestations of the fundamental right to security, it provides guarantees for revival and continuity. It has been stipulated. One of the most important branches of this right is the right of the accused to defend himself in rejecting the lawsuit or unjust accusations before the judicial authorities. In other words, the right to Defense is the right by which a person can deny the criminal behavior or legal claims against him, which are attributed to him based on the complaints of individuals or by the competent police and judicial authorities, with all the legal possibilities and methods. to do In order to achieve a fair trial, we need to implement several principles and rules in the five stages of the procedure, i.e. crime detection, prosecution, preliminary investigation, trial and sentence execution. In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the protection of the right to litigate and defend citizens through competent justice, judicial independence and the responsibility of judges and the judicial system and criminal justice is guaranteed through the implementation of the principle of acquittal, legal prosecution and the principle of fair trial.

The way inventors in Defense industries are championed is a more controversial issue in the Law on Intellectual Property. The problem is that on the one hand, as the general rules of intellectual property state, supporting inventors through granting patents (as a document indicating ownership and the right of exclusive use) involves the disclosure of information concerning inventions, and on the other hand, the country's Defense imperatives require having to maintain confidentiality as related to these inventions. For this purpose, the question raised is that of whether the material rights capable of being granted to inventors in Defense industry, and totally speaking, the way those inventors are supported should be the same as the way other inventors (i. e. non-Defense inventors) are supported. In the present article, we seek to make a comparative study of the material rights capable of being granted to inventors in Defense industry in China, Russia, the United States and Iran with library method in an effort to detect and introduce a convenient legal system as for inventors' material rights in Defense industries in these countries. Finally, it is concluded that, firstly, due to inevitable limitations that follow from the confidentiality of Defense inventions and the Administration's supervision over how these inventions are employed, making a payment as compensation or reward on top of exclusive property right is increasingly logical and closely aligned with Defense and economic interests, and secondly, issuing patents in order to support the inventors in Defense-related industries is far from colliding with the basics of intellectual property law.

The presumption of innocence as one of the fundamental principles and strategic Criminal Procedure requires to including the accused Defense rights were ongoing before the final votes. This entails recognizing two degrees proceedings. A subject which were not respected to modify the Code of Criminal Procedure Act of 1392 on Criminal attached court order votes And The ability to substantive appeal for these votes is not anticipated. The trial of the criminal court with the system of plurality of judges and the consideration of the appeal to the supreme court for the defendants of this court, in no way justifies the exclusion of the substantive appeal and Does not guarantee the defendantchr('39')s Defense rights According to the Iranian legislator modeling in the current Criminal Procedure Legislation of France Criminal Procedure Code, comparative study of the Criminal Procedure Code France In Compliance with the principle of two degrees of votes Criminal Court that corresponding to the Criminal Court One Iran shows the legislative penal France in terms recognize the structures of substantive appeale votes and rights to Defense, unlike the Iranian criminal law, to properly secure his Defense rights.

There are many new philosophical queries about the moral status and rights of artificial intelligences; questions such as whether such entities can be considered as morally responsible entities and as having special rights. Recently, the contemporary philosophy of mind philosopher, Eric Schwitzgebel, has tried to defend the possibility of equal rights of AIs and human beings (in an imaginary future), by designing a new argument (2015). In this paper, after an introduction, the author reviews and analyzes the main argument and then deals with four criticisms witch Schwitzgebel himself has presented and rejected and ultimately, the author presents and explains two new critiques against the argument. According to the writer, though the argument regarding his new criticisms and some other probable critiques is not convincing, or at least needs to be corrected, however, it holds appeal and raises questions and may open a new horizon for future questions and researches.